Break down one-way latency into propagation, transmission, and medium base delay.
Propagation = distance / medium speed. Transmission = packet bits / rate. Base = medium RTT floor (Wi-Fi, satellite).
1000 km fiber + 1500 B @ 1 Gbps → ~5 msThis shows one-way propagation + transmission plus the medium base. Double propagation for a rough RTT.
GEO satellites add ~480 ms base delay from the ~72,000 km round trip to orbit and back.