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OSI Model Reference

All 7 OSI layers with PDU, device/protocol examples, and role.

#LayerPDUDevices / ProtocolsRole
7ApplicationDataHTTP, DNS, SMTP, FTPUser-facing services and APIs.
6PresentationDataTLS/SSL, JPEG, ASCIIEncryption, compression, data format.
5SessionDataNetBIOS, RPC, SIPOpens, manages, and closes sessions.
4TransportSegmentTCP, UDPEnd-to-end delivery and ports.
3NetworkPacketIP, ICMP · routersLogical addressing and routing.
2Data LinkFrameEthernet, ARP · switchesFraming, MAC addressing, error check.
1PhysicalBitsCables, hubs, repeatersRaw bit transmission over media.

How to read the result

Read top-down 7→1: upper layers serve apps, lower layers move bits. PDU names: Data, Segment, Packet, Frame, Bits.

Example

L4 Transport → Segment → TCP/UDP → end-to-end delivery.

FAQ

What is the PDU at each layer?

Layers 7–5: Data, Layer 4: Segment, Layer 3: Packet, Layer 2: Frame, Layer 1: Bits.

Where do routers and switches sit?

Routers work at Layer 3 (Network); switches at Layer 2 (Data Link); hubs at Layer 1.