Compute effective MTU after tunnel and encapsulation overheads.
Effective MTU = base MTU − sum of overhead bytes. Oversized packets fragment or drop if DF is set.
1500 − PPPoE 8 → 1492PPPoE adds 8 bytes, so 1500 − 8 = 1492 is the largest unfragmented payload.
Below 68 bytes is invalid for IPv4; reduce stacked tunnels or raise the base MTU (jumbo frames).